Журнал электротехники и электронных технологий

Обзор последних достижений в области катализаторов, не содержащих металлов, для химической фиксации CO2 эпоксидами с целью получения циклических карбонатов

Меселу Эскезия

The point of "green science" and "particle economy" is to use carbon dioxide and supplant hurtful reactants, for example, CO and phosgene for the creation of cyclic carbonates. In this paper, metal‐free impetuses including natural bases, ionic fluids and upheld impetuses for the amalgamation of cyclic carbonates by the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to epoxides are checked on. Ongoing advances in the plan of the impetuses and the comprehension of the response component are summed up and talked about. The synergistic impacts of natural bases and hydrogen bond contributors, natural bases and nucleophilic anions, hydrogen bond givers and nucleophilic anions and dynamic parts and supports are featured. A definitive objective is convert particle carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates in a stream reactor straightforwardly from mechanical vent gas at encompassing temperature and environmental weight. By utilizing synergetic impacts, a multi‐functional approach can meet the plan system of metal‐free impetuses for carbon dioxide adsorption and initiation just as epoxide ring opening. Carbon dioxide (CO2) is one of the gases that add to the nursery impact,and a gathering of CO2 in the air has caused major issues, which undermines conditions and human wellbeing. Hence, the catch and usage of this gas have been drawing in broad consideration in the entire world. In the most recent decade, much consideration as a result of a dangerous atmospheric devation as well as due to the possible utilization of CO2 as a protected, bountiful , inexhaustible and reasonable C1 hotspot for the development of significant synthetic substances. Use of CO2 as an ideal C1 building block turns into a hot and promising field in both scholarly and mechanical regards. An enormous number of points of interest advanced the wide and profound exploration on synergist transformation of CO2 into synthetics (C-O, C-N and C-C bond development) and powers, notwithstanding, CO2 change actually faces numerous difficulties because of its thermodynamic solidness and active latency. Thusly, the majority of the realized investigations utilized profoundly receptive substrates and additionally serious response conditions to enact CO2, restricting the use of such techniques. Specifically, the synergist coupling of CO2 with energy-rich substrates, for example, epoxides and aziridines, to produce polycarbonates/polycarbamates or potentially cyclic carbonates/carbamates has drawn huge consideration over the previous many years. To make C-C bonds with CO2, the utilization of carbon nucleophiles is explicitly restricted to solid nucleophilic organolithiums and Grignard reagents, just as phenolate. Among different potential changes, the molecule monetary amalgamation of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO2 has been of incredible interest both modernly and scholastically. Cyclic carbonates are utilized in the union of numerous modernly significant mixes like dimethyl carbonate and polycarbonates and they discover applications as solvents and intermediates for the amalgamation of fine synthetic substances. Traditionally, these cyclic carbonates are orchestrated utilizing phosgene or CO, which are perilous and earth antagonistic, were kept away from, and all things being equal, CO2 was fused as C1 asset into cyclic carbonate is framed. Cyclic carbonates are non-harmful, effectively biodegradable, high polar and high bubbling fluids, that are utilized as crude materials for industry in a wide scope of utilizations: solvents of degreasing, diluents of epoxy pitches and polyurethanes, added substances for fills, synthetic intermediates for the blend of polycarbonates and other polymeric substances and for dimethyl carbonate union (DMC) by a trans-esterification measure with methanol. The principle manufactured techniques for admittance to cyclic carbonates depend on carbonylation or carboxylation measures. The previous are accomplished by responding diols with harmful phosgene or with less poisonous carbonyl derivates, as dialkyl carbonates or urea. Despite the fact that the phosgene technique is easy to be acknowledged and requires mellow temperature conditions, it has the burden of utilizing a profoundly poisonous and dangerous reagent. Likewise, this experiences two different downsides: the low selectivity in the response items and the expense of discarding HCl, which is framed in stoichiometric sums. The other two strategies, while being more eco-accommodating courses, show the issues of requiring stoichiometric measures of natural carbonates or urea, which have a cost, the requirement for high temperatures (T > 130 ◦C) and for costly impetuses dependent on metal oxides . In addition, since the engineered responses are reversible, the change is rarely finished, and monotonous partition steps are vital. On account of responses with urea, the reusing of smelling salts that is shaped in stoichiometric sums is obligatory. Concerning the carboxylation strategy, it is generally cultivated by responding CO2 with olefins and oxygen, or straightforwardly CO2 with epoxides or diols. In spite of the fact that these strategies are desirable over the phosgene course, as they have the benefit of utilizing an ozone harming substance, they experience the ill effects of different issues, which actually stay unsolved.